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什么是乌托邦?什么是反乌托邦? - 知乎
什么是乌托邦?什么是反乌托邦? - 知乎首页知乎知学堂发现等你来答切换模式登录/注册哲学乌托邦社会反乌托邦什么是乌托邦?什么是反乌托邦?关注者799被浏览1,525,448关注问题写回答邀请回答好问题 431 条评论分享59 个回答默认排序浔陽不归 关注一提到乌托邦人们一般会想到什么?托马斯·莫尔的乌托邦?而谈到反乌托邦又会想到什么?是声名远扬的反乌托邦三部曲?《1984》奥威尔《美丽新世界》赫胥黎《我们》扎米亚京还是被大众媒体炒得一塌糊涂的《饥饿游戏》《移动迷宫》?乌托邦是什么?反乌托邦又是什么?人们谈起反乌托邦经常讲到的极权主义又是什么?乌托邦、反乌托邦、极权主义是怎样的一组关系?反极权等同于反乌托邦吗?认知有限,学识有限,更多地是寻找相关的研究按照自己的思路进行整合。一、乌托邦乌托邦(utopia),本意指“不可能出现的理想社会和事物”(维基百科:乌托邦);反乌托邦(Dystopia、Cacotopia、kakotopia或anti-utopia),则是一种与理想社会相反的“不得人心、令人恐惧的假想社群或社会”(维基百科:反乌托邦)。然而无论是维基百科还是百度百科,都没有对乌托邦内涵的演变做一个澄清,而乌托邦、反乌托邦这些词语在国内的滥用更是让其变得愈加复杂。乌托邦至少有四个层面的意思:(一)原意,“不可能出现的理想社会和事物”,兼有不存在、完美社会两个意思,源于托马斯·莫尔所著的《乌托邦》一书,在这层意义上,天堂、伊甸园、桃花源等宗教或世人的美好愿景都能囊括进去;(二)文学意义上的乌托邦,15世纪托马斯·莫尔所著的《乌托邦》开创了乌托邦文学的先河,乌托邦文学(确切的说是正面乌托邦文学)兴盛于17与19世纪,17世纪代表作有弗兰西斯·培根的《The New Atlantis》、托马斯·康帕内拉的《太阳城》,18世纪乌托邦“脱离了文学的表现,变为社会理论和政治理想”[1],如伏尔泰、卢梭、孟德斯鸠等人,19世纪西方资本社会弊端的暴露引发了新一轮的乌托邦文学热潮,以贝拉米的《回顾》、莫里斯的《乌有乡消息》等为代表作。如果说在莫尔那乌托邦还停留在一个朴素、原始的古典阶段,那么19世纪科学技术的发展以及人类对于科技的期待值则让乌托邦设想呈现出具备可操作性的幻象,此时的乌托邦文学与科幻小说、科技主义的交集愈发频繁,而伊托邦(e-topia)的出现更是与赛博空间(Cyberspace)紧密联系。达科·苏文在《定义乌托邦文学流派》一文中指出,乌托邦是“对根本不同于历史上的另一种社会政治环境的描述;另一种社会,这个社会中组织关系要比作者所处的社会更完美;任何对这种环境,场所或社会的虚构或是更清晰的口头解释性质;相对于通常的抽象的乌托邦计划而言独特的赋予个性特征的任何建构。”[2](三)政治意义上的乌托邦,可细分为三个方面。一是指某种思想实验或社会规划, 确切的说它是指詹姆逊所说的“乌托邦模式/规划”(Utopian models/projects),“它指向未来的可能政治安排、新的治理概念、新的规则和法律(或者规则和法律的缺失)等等”[3](此处的乌托邦词性为中立)。二是带有明显的贬义色彩的指称,将某种社会规划称之为“乌托邦”,意味着该社会规划不切实际、存在内在弊端,这种社会规划很大程度上与社会主义相挂钩,在20世纪 ,“尤其是在冷战期间,以及冷战结束后的一段时间,一切不同于自由资本主义的社会规划,皆被各色论者目为'乌托邦主义'(utopianism)加以批判和否决。”[4]更有甚者将乌托邦直接与斯大林主义划上等号。三是指称空想社会主义,恩格斯用科学/空想这样一种二元划分的方式将科学社会主义与圣西门等人的空想社会主义区分开来,“第二国际和苏联(尤其是在斯大林掌权之后)的马克思主义者们纷纷用‘乌托邦’、‘乌托邦的’来攻击论敌或政敌,用‘科学’来标榜自己或标榜某种‘马克思主义正统’”[5]。第二、第三种意义上的乌托邦或多或少都扭曲了乌托邦存在的价值,迎合了自身某种政治需要。(四)哲学意义上的乌托邦,布洛赫从精神层面来理解乌托邦,乌托邦精神“泛指对更好更完美的未来的期盼、预感和预显(pre-appearance)”[6]。正如姚建斌所说的,乌托邦是“内在于人的生存结构中追求理想、完满、自由境界的精神冲动……乌托邦是对存在的研究与揭示”。[7]也正因为如此,詹姆逊反对某种固化的乌托邦模式,宣扬冲击既有体制的“乌托邦冲动”。二、反乌托邦那么,问题来了,当下国内大众所说的反乌托邦反的是哪个乌托邦?他们口中的“反”又是什么意思呢?反乌托邦并不是独立存在的概念,它与乌托邦紧密相连。根据维基百科的解释,英国哲学家、经济学家约翰·斯图尔特·密尔于1868年在英国下议院前的演讲中第一次使用dys-topians这个词,他指出爱尔兰土地政策“They ought rather to be called dys-topians, or caco-topians. What is commonly called Utopian is something too good to be practicable; but what they appear to favour is too bad to be practicable”。而cacotopia则是1818年边沁用来与utopia做比较,表示“the imagined seat of the worstgovernment”。将dys-topians或caco-topians翻译成反乌托邦多少带了点歧义,它提出来并不是指对于乌托邦(第一层面上的)的反对,而是指乌托邦的反面——恶托邦。同样的,针对不同层面的乌托邦,反乌托邦指涉的意义也有所不同。政治层面上的反乌托邦更多的是指对于乌托邦式社会规划的批评,文学层面上的反乌托邦则复杂的多。反乌托邦文学大致分为两个类别:反面乌托邦/恶托邦(dys-topians)与反乌托邦(anti-utopia)。反面乌托邦小说着力于描绘一个糟糕的社会,并旨在批判现有体制的弊端,它的着眼点在现在,而“帕特里克在《寻找乌托邦》(1952)中也首次将dystopia作为描述人类危险未来的小说体裁的术语”[8];反乌托邦则旨在揭露、讽刺乌托邦本身及其理念存在的不足,它的着眼点在乌托邦的理念。反面乌托邦小说出现的社会原因不再详述,社会体制弊端、战争、理性与科学的幻灭等等,三部曲就算没看过至少也听过。《美丽新世界》、《我们》、《1984》既是反面乌托邦小说,同时也是反乌托邦小说、政治小说,它们采用了与17、19世纪乌托邦小说相类似的社会建构形式,并将其乌托邦建构理念推演到极致,描绘出一个“表面看来是公平有序、没有贫困和纷争的理想社会,实际是受到全方位管控只有自由的外表,人的尊严和人性受到否定”。三部曲的出现不仅有其社会原因,也有理论支撑,即对乌托邦社会规划(政治层面上的第二个意思)的批判理论。1945年,卡尔•波普尔的反共产主义宣言《开放社会及其敌人》一书中,波普尔称:“乌托邦方法只有靠柏拉图哲学的对于一个绝对的且不变的理想的信仰,加上两条进一步的假定,才能得以拯救。这两条假定是,(a)存在着一劳永逸地决定这种理想是什么的理性方法,以及(b)决定实现这个理想的最佳手段是什么。”“乌托邦工程管理者们之间的任何一种意见分歧,在不存在理性方法的情况下,因此必然导致运用权力而不是运用理性,即导致暴力。”[9]与共产主义挂钩的乌托邦社会规划何以走向另一种极端,又何以具有一元论的倾向?一元论又是如何导向极权主义的?这些问题或许能在波普尔的《开放社会及其敌人》中找到答案。而在网友联邦共和dsbird《一元论、乌托邦主义和极权主义》(http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_134a716370102w86b.)这篇博文中,作者提到:“按照一元论的观点,通过一种单一的模式,各种价值和利益可以得到调和或包容,这样的观点或许并不必然导致乌托邦主义,但是它使得乌托邦主义成为可想象的。”“如果存在着一种压倒一切的价值、价值组合或者公式,那么对于所有的价值、利益冲突也将存在一种原则上的解决方案:无论做什么或有多大的牺牲都将实现或者最大化那种至高价值。”反乌托邦三部曲恰恰是这样一些反乌托邦(anti-utopia)理念的文学反映,由此引出了反乌托邦三部曲的第一个主题——反极权主义。建立于某种统一的公共价值之上的乌托邦社会,这种高度统一的整体性引起了个体性缺失的焦虑。对于个体性消失的恐惧同时也体现在科技对人的异化上,《我们》、《美丽新世界》表现出了对20世纪现代化进程的质疑,人们所标榜的理性主义、科学技术并没有把人类带向一个美好幸福的世界,与此相反,高度机械化的生命变得卑劣、残酷,这是反乌托邦三部曲的第二个主题——反科技主义/理性主义/现代性,在这一层面上更引申出了“类似人的生物或机器是否也是人”的话题。无论是反极权还是反科技,他们都是立于“人”存在的本质这个永恒不变的话题。乌托邦小说、与共产主义挂钩的乌托邦社会规划的一大弊病是对于人性的完美构想,“这种体制忽视了人性的软弱和原罪,显示出了对完美系统的统一性以及理想化的单纯性的意愿。而这一系统,始终要强加于其有缺陷的、难以驾驭的对象”((美)弗里德里克•詹姆逊:《未来考古学:乌托邦欲望和其他科幻小说》,南京:译林出版社2014年版,第3页。)正面乌托邦小说描绘的社会是一个与现世完全割裂的彼岸幻想,它忽略了社会建构、人性改造的过程,呈现出的是一个完成态的社会。而在三部曲建构的社会却是半完成态的,它们并没有完全与现世脱离,在它们所构建的社会里,人的公共价值理念并不是自发的,为了维持社会的稳固,对于人的思想控制变得不可避免。而诸如欲望、冲突等问题,它必然要诉诸一套严谨、整齐划一的社会控制模式。然而,我们今天将某部作品冠以“反乌托邦”的名义(集中在影视领域),比如《华氏451度》、《超世纪谍杀案》、《我不能死》、《银翼杀手》、《V字仇杀队》、《饥饿游戏》等,我们是从哪一方面进行考量的?从描述一个糟糕的未来的角度而言,称这些作品为反面乌托邦并不为过,但如果从反乌托邦理念(述宾短语)出发,名不副实的作品不在少数。反乌托邦三部曲存在着乌托邦社会这个直接的对话对象,他们巧妙地利用了乌托邦社会的构建原则将其推演至另一个极端,与其说它们讽刺现实政治,不如说它们在反讽乌托邦(《1984》是个例外,它带有强烈的政治讽喻倾向)。然而,像《饥饿游戏》以反乌托邦为噱头的作品,它们更像是在对话反乌托邦三部曲,利用三部曲的某些元素便巧妙地伪装成反乌托邦作品。以极权主义为构建理念的反面乌托邦不完全等于反乌托邦(anti-utopia),其区别在于,反乌托邦的极权是为了维持看起来平等美好的乌托邦社会,它是一种手段;而纯粹的极权主义却是为了维持某种阶级权益或享乐主义,极权即是目的。[1] 张隆溪.乌托邦·观念与实践,《读书》,1992(12),第64页,转引自王小菲.论乌托邦文学的三个维度.广西师范大学硕士研究生论文,2005.4[2] 转引自于云玲.文学乌托邦定义探讨.当代文艺理论与思潮新探索,2010年第2期[3] 蒋洪生.弗里德里克•詹姆逊的乌托邦研究及其“反—反乌托邦主义”. [J]国外理论动态·2016年第5期[4] 同上[5] 陈岸瑛.关于“乌托邦”内涵及概念演变的考证.北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2000年第1期[6] 同上[7] 姚建斌.乌托邦小说:作为研究存在的艺术.北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),2003年第2期[8] 郑永旺.反乌托邦小说的根、人和魂[9] (英)卡尔·波普尔:《开放社会及其敌人》第1卷,陆衡等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社1999年版,第300页。转引自蒋洪生.弗里德里克•詹姆逊的乌托邦研究及其“反—反乌托邦主义”————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————声明:以上观点只是自己鼓捣出来的,未曾受过任何检验,如有差错,敬请指教。编辑于 2018-04-27 15:20赞同 3750105 条评论分享收藏喜欢收起李老师国际学校/语文老师/对外汉语/三流玩家 关注其实看两本反乌托邦的经典就知道了,首推《1984》,其实基本上说的就是咱们以前的事情,然后就是《美丽新世界》,说的就是现在的事情了。最近刚看完了《美丽新世界》,写了一篇书评,如果可以看完,那大致上就会有所了解。当然,强烈推荐读原著。补充一点最魔幻的,马前卒设想的子女寄宿学校跟美丽新世界一模一样……你来到了一个美丽新世界,你从事着一个看似体面的工作,你每天醒来就开始刷手机,抖音上的小哥哥小姐姐让你不痛不痒地傻笑,你在地铁上看昨天下载的电视剧,时不时发两句弹幕,到了办公室,又开始了一天机械式的工作,短信提醒你又有了新的快递,本来兴奋的你在打开快递的时候又觉得索然无味,你在微博上看看有什么新的八卦,知乎、B站、头条、朋友圈的新消息让你目不暇接,你查了查最近有什么新电影,明明并不是很感兴趣你还是买了票,因为你知道,如果你不看最近几天你就没有了谈资。你想读读书,但是当你翻了两页kindle的时候你还是拿起来手机,远方的朋友找你打两把《王者荣耀》,中午的时间马上过去。探探陌陌SOUL又有了新消息,也许再聊几次就能约了。微信里总是有新的消息,乱七八糟的事情总是让你去回复,领导又有了新任务,朋友找你去吃饭,一个乱七八糟的群里有人不断发广告,家人群里的养生信息,某某明星又离婚了。到了晚上,躺在床上看了两集综艺,你感觉明星们既就在身边欢笑,又觉得他们遥不可及。中间的广告又让你拿起了手机在淘宝上搜索价格,你想买太多东西,衣服裤子鞋包包零食手机电脑好车,好看的好玩的好吃的你都想拥有。你困了,但是在睡前还是打开了抖音,稀里糊涂地刷了两个小时,你都不知道你什么时候睡了,一天就这么混了过去,新的一天还在等你。你很快乐,你远离父母,尽管手里钱不多,但是你不会挨饿,尽管买不起奢侈品,但是多比比价还是能在淘宝上买到喜欢的东西,租的房间很小,至少不会挨冷受冻,每天都有新的东西充斥你的视线,综艺电视剧电影游戏商品咨询等等等让你没时间思考。你鄙视那些社会底层,他们有如蚂蚁一般做着繁重的工作,那些工作你是天生不屑的,你也不羡慕那些忙碌的有钱人,直觉告诉你他们一定付出了难以估量的代价,做个平凡人挺好的。你只羡慕那些在综艺上永远快乐的明星,他们永远都是那么开心,他们有钱,他们幸福。你觉得自己跟他们相比,除了好运自己也并没有差什么,你潜意识里觉得这种好运一定会降临到你的头上。可当你看到明星离婚的消息时,你很兴奋——哈哈哈,他们的幸福都是装的。只有你最幸福,这种幸福,只因你生活在美丽新世界。《美丽新世界》是英国人赫胥黎在1931年写的小说。如果要提《美丽新世界》,那就不能不提《1984》,这两部有名的反乌托邦经典,为我们构建了完全不同的未来世界。《1984》展现的是一个强权世界,独裁者老大哥用强权统治社会,人民极度贫困,老百姓对老大哥的个人崇拜无以复加,同时幻想一个外国的假想敌并要与之斗争。人们没有自由,仿佛活在一个大监狱,每个人都在被监视,每个人在监视每个人。而《美丽新世界》则完全不同,那个世界没有疾病,每个人都健康长寿,娱乐业空前发达,电影都叫感官电影,物质极大丰富,不喜欢的直接扔掉就买新的,人们一旦心理感觉就嗑药。同时社会整个就是一个优生系统,几乎每个人都是试管婴儿,分生甲乙丙丁等,甲等搞智力工作,越往下的越搞体力工作,通过教育让每个人都感到幸福,比如告诉一个扫大街的丙等,你很幸福,掏大粪的丁等肯定不如你,别看甲等乙等表面光鲜,其实他们操心的事情可多了,还是你最幸福。每个人都处于无父无母的状态,乃至母亲都变成了天下最脏的脏话。男女关系非常开放,所有人都从小被教育乱搞才是最健康的男女关系,所有成年人都在约炮,不睡几十个人都不好意思跟人打招呼。高深的知识都被消灭,艺术品也不复存在,有的只是低智商的娱乐。这个社会甚至战胜了衰老,每个人到了60多岁但看起来还是像20多岁一样。在美丽新世界,死亡都被战胜了,理论上每个人都可以不死,但是事实上,每个人都被设定了死亡时间,同时被教育自然死亡是一件值得感到欢愉的事情。整个社会放弃了思考,没有爱,没有恨,没有恐惧,没有焦虑,一旦出现这种情绪,那就赶紧嗑药躺着,要不就赶紧约一炮,闲下来就是买买买,看弱智娱乐节目,做做运动。在美丽新世界,每个人都很幸福。没有思考,没有崇高,没有理想,没有美,没有道德,没有英雄主义,每个人的使命就是娱乐至死。《美丽新世界》最震撼我的地方在于,当主角们面见了总统,惊讶地发现总统饱读诗书,他的馆藏有所有的违禁书籍,包括被视为社会最大异端的《圣经》。整个社会的医学非常发达,甚至可以制造出人人都是聪明健壮的甲等(阿尔法)人种,可是一旦所有人都变得聪明,社会就失去了稳定,这就是种姓制度为什么在美丽新世界存在。我们相信幸福和稳定。一个全阿尔法社会必然动荡而且痛苦。你想象一座全是由阿尔法组成的工厂吧——那就是说全是由各自为政,互不关心的个体组成的工厂,他们遗传优秀,条件设置适宜在一定范围内自由进行选择,承担责任。在这个社会,甚至生产力也足够发达,对于低等人口来说,其实每天最多工作3.5小时也就足够了,但是还是让每个人都工作8小时,因为如果让人们无所事事,就会产生不稳定。针对觉醒了的异端,美丽新世界也有处理他们的方法,就是把怀疑社会的异端流放到海岛,让他们在那边感受痛苦寻找人生的意义。作为总统,他本来是一个准求真理的科学家,但是他最终选择了为每个全人类的幸福做出牺牲。我的代价是:为幸福服务。为别人的幸福,不是为我自己的幸福。读这本书的时候,每当我想到这本书创作于1931年,就头皮发麻。难道我们不就活在美丽新世界之中吗?通过互联网,浩如烟海的娱乐产品扑面而来,占据了全部的心智,头条抖音这些通过互联网算法的产品不断推送自己感兴趣的信息,每个人都在追求小确幸,痛苦会被贴上抑郁症的标签,作为社会的螺丝钉找不到任何的存在感与崇高感,只能通过感官刺激获得快乐。只有通过消费,才能得到内心的满足。《美丽新世界》是一个正在成为现实的预言书,在书里的世界是一个彻头彻尾的奶头乐社会,而现代社会也差不多,每个人有点甜头就够了。不过在互联网时代,完全不用像《美丽新世界》做得那么极端,比如销毁书籍,屠杀知识分子,现实是,只要娱乐足够多,但凡是让人艰深思考的书啊,艺术啊,就马上无人问津了,大家都是来找乐的,干嘛那么痛苦。细思极恐的是,《美丽新世界》还真是个不错的世界,在里边当个SB其实是个挺美好的事情。哇!欢迎来到美丽新世界!编辑于 2018-12-26 09:14赞同 52338 条评论分享收藏喜欢
“乌托邦”utopia与“优托邦”eutopia有什么区别? - 知乎
“乌托邦”utopia与“优托邦”eutopia有什么区别? - 知乎首页知乎知学堂发现等你来答切换模式登录/注册城市规划乌托邦乌托邦主义城市地理学“乌托邦”utopia与“优托邦”eutopia有什么区别?格迪斯的书里有提到这两个词:Nor is this “merely utopian”, though frankly Eutopian.显示全部 关注者6被浏览22,740关注问题写回答邀请回答好问题 1添加评论分享1 个回答默认排序勃克夏 关注“乌托邦”(utopia)一词出自英国人文主义者托马斯·莫尔(ThomasMore)写于1516年的《关于最完美的国家制度和乌托邦新岛》(简称为《乌托邦》)一书。莫尔根据古希腊语臆造了utopia这个词,意思是“乌有之乡”或“不存在的地方”。莫尔的“乌托邦”常被后人指责为指称一个完全不存在的世界,一个纯粹虚构的尽善尽美的国度,源于人们对词义以及莫尔思想理解上的偏差。从词源学的角度分析,“utopia”是由“u”和“topia”两部分组成的。“u”来自希腊文“ou”,表示否定,“topia”来自希腊文“topus”,意思是地方或地区,两部分合起来意指不存在的地方,相当于英文里的“no-place”、“no-where”。同时,“u”也可以和希腊文的“eu”联系起来,而“eu”有好、完美的意思,于是“utopia”也可以理解为“eutopia”(优托邦),即完美、理想的地方。但当“乌托邦”一词的适用范围逐渐扩展,成为人文科学(尤其是政治学、社会学和历史学)领域各种想象中的理想社会或理想境界的通行语时,人们过滤了其本身具有的双关义中的“美好”,而仅剩“乌有”之义。并且,人们乐于反复引证托马斯·莫尔自己在《乌托邦》第二部结尾时的一段话予以确认,文中写道:“我情愿承认,乌托邦国家有非常多的特征,我虽愿意我们的国家也具有,但毕竟难以希望看到这种特征能够实现。”作为学城市规划的人很熟悉乌托邦这个词,尤其是关于欧文、傅里叶践行乌托邦理想,欧文甚至变卖家产建立协和村的实践是城市规划史上一次重要的实践,乌托邦实践尽管被定义为空想社会主义,但是其进步思想对后来的城市规划思想、理论(包括霍华德的田园城市)发展都产生了重要作用。这句话来自于格迪斯的《Cities in Evolution》,该书表达了格迪斯有机生长的城市发展观,前后结合起来看,就理解了。**The civic awakening and the constructive effort are fully beginning, in healthy upgrowth, capable not only of survival but of fuller cultivation also, towards varied flower and hit-flower in regional and civic literature and history, art,.and science; fruit in social renewal of towns and cities, small and great. Such renewal involves ever-increasing domestic and individual well-being, and these a productive efficiency, in which art may again vitalise and orchestrate the industries, as of old.Nor is this ” merely Utopian,” though frankly Eutopian. In matters civic, as in simpler fields of science, it is from facts surveyed and interpreted that we gain our general ideas of the direction of Evolution, and even see how to further this ; since from the best growths selected we may rear yet better ones.”**城市复苏和建设性的努力已全然开始,处于旺盛的发展之中,不仅是为生存,而且也是为更长足的发展,朝向各种各样的鲜花和果实——区域和城市的文学、历史、艺术及科学之鲜花;城镇社会复兴之果实,或著或微。此种复兴,涉及越来越多的家庭和个人福祉,在其蓬勃的发展过程中,艺术创作将会被再度激发,并与工业活动比翼齐飞,就像以前那样。这并非“只是乌托邦(乌有之乡)”,尽管老实讲,它确实有点优托邦(优美之乡)。关于城市问题,就像单一的科学领域一样,源自所调查和说明的事实,借此我们得到对进化趋势的宏观认知,甚至于预见其更长足的发展;因为,通过经由选择的最优化成长,我们能够培育出更佳的品种。帕特里克·格迪斯是一位苏格兰生物学家、社会学家、教育学家和城市规划理论家。他将生物学、社会学、教育学和城市规划学融为一体,形成了自己独特的城市理论观点。格迪斯借鉴勒普莱“人( Folk,另译为家庭) —工作( Work) — 地方( Place),三要素结构,认为“地方”环境的持续进化与人的日常生活关系密切,不可或缺。格迪斯将城市比作“有机生命体”,将生物学进化理论引入城市形态研究,并认为“物理形式是进化的关键”,其以植物形态做有机类比,说明它们如何组织以最有效地应用能源。这种城市观点和埃比尼泽•霍华德的田园城市理论一样,影响了整个20世纪城市规划理论的发展。著名城市规划理论家刘易斯•芒福德1938年提出的“有机规划论”,伊利尔•沙里宁1943年提出的“有机分散论”,都直接受其影响。来源:何谓乌托邦——对“utopia”一词的词源学考察_周黎燕格迪斯城市进化规律探索百年回顾与承鉴_薛威帕特里克·格迪斯的一生——把生物学、社会学、教育学融汇在城市规划之中_金经元《Cities in Evolution》Patrick Geddes《进化中的城市——城市规划与城市研究导论》帕特里克·格迪斯编辑于 2022-01-15 15:13赞同 201 条评论分享收藏喜欢收起
UTOPIA中文(简体)翻译:剑桥词典
UTOPIA中文(简体)翻译:剑桥词典
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utopia 在英语-中文(简体)词典中的翻译
utopianoun [ C or U ] uk
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/juːˈtəʊ.pi.ə/ us
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/juːˈtoʊ.pi.ə/
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(the idea of) a perfect society in which everyone works well with each other and is happy
乌托邦;理想中的完美世界
(utopia在剑桥英语-中文(简体)词典的翻译 © Cambridge University Press)
utopia的例句
utopia
After all, every art is utopia compared to the surroundings in which it appears.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
He demands and directs change, compelling his companions to act, railing against hopelessness and disenchantment, against any allegiance to utopia.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Here, utopia is defined as a state of mind that 'transcends' existing realities in a revolutionary direction.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
That a vision of an organic agrarian-manufacturing utopia is elaborated in a large and dynamic industrial city seems, on the face of it, absurd.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
The feminist utopia dramatizes a dream of social fellowship whose embryonic form is expressed in the bonds forged between writer, reader and a wider audience.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
It is a sad sign of our times that this type of exile can resemble a utopia.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
That was an era when utopias were needed and produced.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Elements of the two utopias, one personalistic-conservative, the other liberal-democratic, became intertwined in the ideas of the conflicting parties of mid century.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
示例中的观点不代表剑桥词典编辑、剑桥大学出版社和其许可证颁发者的观点。
B1
utopia的翻译
中文(繁体)
烏托邦, 理想中的完美世界…
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西班牙语
utopía, Utopía…
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葡萄牙语
utopia…
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土耳其语
法语
in Dutch
捷克语
丹麦语
印尼语
泰语
越南语
波兰语
in Swedish
马来语
德语
挪威语
in Ukrainian
俄语
yeryüzü cenneti, hayali mükemmel toplum, ütopya…
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Utopie…
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Utopia…
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Utopie…
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Utopia…
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utopia…
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ดินแดนในอุดมคติ…
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xã hôi không tưởng…
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utopia…
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Utopien, Utopia…
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utopia…
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die Utopie…
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idealsamfunnet, utopi, Utopia…
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утопія…
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утопия…
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在英语词典中查看 utopia 的释义
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utilizable
utilization
utilize
utmost
utopia
utopian
utter
utterance
utterly
“每日一词”
veggie burger
UK
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/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɜː.ɡər/
US
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/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɝː.ɡɚ/
a type of food similar to a hamburger but made without meat, by pressing together small pieces of vegetables, seeds, etc. into a flat, round shape
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乌托邦,反乌托邦,敌托邦有什么区别? - 知乎
乌托邦,反乌托邦,敌托邦有什么区别? - 知乎首发于聊点科幻切换模式写文章登录/注册乌托邦,反乌托邦,敌托邦有什么区别?Gnok华南师范大学 凝聚态物理博士1516年,英格兰空想社会主义学说的创始托马斯·莫尔写下了著作《乌托邦》。描述了一个拥有“最完美的国家制度”的岛国。这是历史上首次使用了“乌托邦”一词,来代表这样一个人们在经济、政治权力、权利等各方面都平等的理想社会。反乌托邦一直以来都是科幻文学中的热门主题受追捧,我们常说的乌托邦(utopia)通常满足以下两点:一个达到终极善的地方或人的状态,即理想的地方。这个定义意味着乌托邦是可能的,无论它看起来多么遥远或不可能。一个地方或人的状况是如此理想化,以至于在某一天不可能实现。因此,乌托邦是不存在的,也是“无法实现的”。这个定义意味着不可能,甚至是对概念化这种事情的人来说。反乌托邦(anti-utopia)是一个与乌托邦完全相反的地方。1948年,乔治·奥威尔发表了《1984》,“老大哥”极权统治下的高压控制压迫着每一个人的神经,党的口号“战争即和平,自由即奴役,无知即力量”被人们铭记于心。如果说《乌托邦》是空想社会主义构想出的美丽传说,那《1984》里的大洋国就是这个美丽传说的镜像世界——恐怖传说。敌托邦(dystopia)虽然在表面上和反乌托邦(anti-utopia)没有什么不同,但它给人的印象是,它最初被设计或概念化为乌托邦。换句话说,这是一个出了问题的乌托邦。一个已经变成噩梦的梦。敌托邦的正确翻译应该是反面乌托邦。敌托邦与反乌托邦区别主要在于:1.敌托邦作品并非完全排斥对乌托邦的向往;2.敌托邦作品中的批判和讽刺通常带有主观性;3.它们都是属于完全虚构的叙事;4.敌托邦的政治趋向和意识形态都比较模糊。这也就是为什么,奥威尔的《1984》是敌托邦,但不是反乌托邦,而赫胥黎《美丽新世界》被归类为反乌托邦。因为在1984中,共产主义/社会主义的梦想已经变成了一个专制政权。因此,在一个“我们所谓的反乌托邦”中,有些人仍然相信这种情况是理想的,而没有意识到事情是可怕的错误。1984中的一些人没有意识到他们生活在一个糟糕的世界里。相反,他们可能认为事情已经尽其所能地好了,因此这使它成为敌托邦作品。在许多文学或电影作品中,敌托邦和反乌托邦可能会重叠,因为人们可能不太清楚事情是坏的,是因为它们被设计成那样(地狱),还是因为某些地方出了问题(共产主义/社会主义)。一般来说,没有人会把事情设计得尽可能糟糕(也许除了上帝,他把地狱设计成一个糟糕的地方),这就是为什么我们大部分时间都在谈论反乌托邦。顺便说一下,这些词的意义在一些时候也取决于读着的心态或期望。因为,某人的乌托邦可能是另一个人的地狱。参考文献:Antonis Balasopoulos,Anti-Utopia and Dystopia: Rethinking the Generic Field编辑于 2021-02-19 17:18反乌托邦科幻赞同 692 条评论分享喜欢收藏申请转载文章被以下专栏收录聊点科
Utopia | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica
Utopia | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica
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utopia
Table of Contents
utopia
Table of Contents
IntroductionLiterary utopiasMore’s UtopiaSpeculative and practical utopiasSatirical and dystopian worksUtopian communities
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utopia - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
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Hans Holbein the Younger: Sir Thomas More
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utopia, an ideal commonwealth whose inhabitants exist under seemingly perfect conditions. Hence utopian and utopianism are words used to denote visionary reform that tends to be impossibly idealistic. Literary utopias More’s Utopia Ambrosius Holbein: UtopiaMap of the island of Utopia, woodcut by Ambrosius Holbein, 1518; from the 1518 edition of Sir Thomas More's Utopia.(more)The word first occurred in Sir Thomas More’s Utopia, published in Latin as Libellus…de optimo reipublicae statu, deque nova insula Utopia (1516; “Concerning the highest state of the republic and the new island Utopia”); it was compounded by More from the Greek words for “not” (ou) and “place” (topos) and thus meant “nowhere.” During his embassy to Flanders in 1515, More wrote Book II of Utopia, describing a pagan and communist city-state in which the institutions and policies were entirely governed by reason. The order and dignity of such a state was intended to provide a notable contrast with the unreasonable polity of Christian Europe, divided by self-interest and greed for power and riches, which More then described in Book I, written in England in 1516. The description of Utopia is put in the mouth of a mysterious traveler, Raphael Hythloday, in support of his argument that communism is the only cure against egoism in private and public life. More, in the dialogue, speaks in favour of mitigation of evil rather than cure, human nature being fallible. The reader is thus left guessing as to which parts of the brilliant jeu d’esprit are seriously intended and which are mere paradox. Speculative and practical utopias Written utopias may be speculative, practical, or satirical. Utopias are far older than their name. Plato’s Republic was the model of many, from More to H.G. Wells. A utopian island occurs in the Hiera anagraphe (“Sacred Inscription”) of Euhemerus (flourished c. 300 bce), and Plutarch (46–after 119 ce), in his life of Lycurgus, describes a utopian Sparta. The legend of Atlantis inspired many utopian myths, but explorations in the 15th century permitted more realistic settings, and More himself associated Utopia with Amerigo Vespucci. Other utopias that were similar to More’s in humanist themes were the I mondi (1552) of Antonio Francesco Doni and La città felice (1553) of Francesco Patrizi. An early practical utopia was the comprehensive La città del sole (c. 1602; “The City of the Sun”) of Tommaso Campanella. Francis Bacon’s New Atlantis (1627) was practical in its scientific program but speculative concerning philosophy and religion. Christian utopian commonwealths were described in Antangil (1616) by “I.D.M.,” Christianopolis (1619) by Johann Valentin Andreae, and Novae Solymae libri sex (1648) by Samuel Gott. Puritanism produced many literary utopias, both religious and secular, notably The Law of Freedom… (1652), in which Gerrard Winstanley advocated the principles of the Diggers. The Common-Wealth of Oceana (1656) by James Harrington argued for the distribution of land as the condition of popular independence.
In France such works as Gabriel de Foigny’s Terre australe connue (1676) preached liberty. François Fénelon’s Télémaque (1699) contained utopian episodes extolling the simple life. L’An 2440 by Louis-Sébastien Mercier (1770; Eng. trans., 1772) anticipated Revolutionary doctrines. G.A. Ellis’s New Britain (1820) and Étienne Cabet’s Voyage en Icarie (1840) were related to experimental communities in the United States that revealed the limitations of purely economic planning. Consequently, Bulwer-Lytton, in The Coming Race (1871), invented an essence that eliminated economics altogether, and William Morris demonstrated his contempt for economics in News from Nowhere (1890). Two influential utopias, however, had an economic basis: Looking Backward, 2000–1887 (1888) by Edward Bellamy and Freiland (1890; A Visit to Freeland…) by Theodor Herzka. H.G. Wells, in A Modern Utopia (1905), returned to speculation.
UTOPIA在剑桥英语词典中的解释及翻译
UTOPIA在剑桥英语词典中的解释及翻译
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utopia 在英语中的意思
utopianoun [ C or U ] uk
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/juːˈtəʊ.pi.ə/ us
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/juːˈtoʊ.pi.ə/
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a perfect society in which people work well with each other and are happy: Try and imagine a perfect society, a utopia, in which the government really got everything right. Humans, in the developed world at least, are as close to utopia as they are ever likely to be, argues the professor. 相关词语
utopian比较
dystopia
更多范例减少例句No society can profess itself to be a utopia. The Cadbury family moved their fledgling chocolate firm out of Birmingham's slums to the utopia of Bournville in the 19th century. Their utopia is slowly turning into our dystopia.
“SMART 词汇”:相关单词和短语
Perfect and faultless
Arcadia
Arcadian
bat a thousand idiom
blamelessly
idyll
idyllic
idyllically
immaculacy
immaculate
nirvana
non-utopian
on point idiom
perfectible
perfection
the cherry on (top of) the cake idiom
undistorted
unimpeachable
utopian
whiter than white idiom
Xanadu
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(utopia在剑桥高级学习词典和同义词词典中的解释 © Cambridge University Press)
utopia | 美式英语词典
utopianoun [ C/U ] us
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/juˈtoʊ·pi·ə/
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social studies a perfect society in which everyone is happy: [ U ] The idea of America as utopia has recurred throughout our history. [ C ] When plans to rebuild the neighborhood were first announced, I’d been hoping for a utopia.
(utopia在剑桥学术词典中的解释 © Cambridge University Press)
utopia的例句
utopia
He demands and directs change, compelling his companions to act, railing against hopelessness and disenchantment, against any allegiance to utopia.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
That a vision of an organic agrarian-manufacturing utopia is elaborated in a large and dynamic industrial city seems, on the face of it, absurd.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
These link utopias with heterotopias in ways which 'also bind people to particular identities, and to the political/practical consequences that they entail' (p. 172).
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
The analysis of women's work, of radical communal utopias, and of body metaphors severely limit the range of buildings that can be discussed.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Like all utopias, the future was intimately linked to the hopes and fears of the present.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Here, utopia is defined as a state of mind that 'transcends' existing realities in a revolutionary direction.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
The term also offers authorization to interpret, enacts a wish, suggests a cultural utopia, or puts in place a political program.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
The feminist utopia dramatizes a dream of social fellowship whose embryonic form is expressed in the bonds forged between writer, reader and a wider audience.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
By including the virtues and designing out the vices of nineteenth-century life he sold his vision of utopia along practical and achievable lines.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Yet that failure is measured perhaps unrealistically against a goal nothing short of utopia and within a time frame of 25 to 40 years.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
But it is not so clear that it always would be: that it could not be an essential part of a realistic utopia.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
That was an era when utopias were needed and produced.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
It is a sad sign of our times that this type of exile can resemble a utopia.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
The birth of digital publication involves three motors: utopia, the norm, and conquering thought.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Elements of the two utopias, one personalistic-conservative, the other liberal-democratic, became intertwined in the ideas of the conflicting parties of mid century.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
示例中的观点不代表剑桥词典编辑、剑桥大学出版社和其许可证颁发者的观点。
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utopia的翻译
中文(繁体)
烏托邦, 理想中的完美世界…
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中文(简体)
乌托邦, 理想中的完美世界…
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utopía, Utopía…
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utopia…
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in Dutch
捷克语
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in Swedish
马来语
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in Ukrainian
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yeryüzü cenneti, hayali mükemmel toplum, ütopya…
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Utopie…
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Utopia…
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Utopie…
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Utopia…
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utopia…
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ดินแดนในอุดมคติ…
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xã hôi không tưởng…
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utopia…
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utilized
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veggie burger
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/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɜː.ɡər/
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/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɝː.ɡɚ/
a type of food similar to a hamburger but made without meat, by pressing together small pieces of vegetables, seeds, etc. into a flat, round shape
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UTOPIA | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
UTOPIA | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
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Meaning of utopia in English
utopianoun [ C or U ] uk
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/juːˈtəʊ.pi.ə/ us
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/juːˈtoʊ.pi.ə/
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a perfect society in which people work well with each other and are happy: Try and imagine a perfect society, a utopia, in which the government really got everything right. Humans, in the developed world at least, are as close to utopia as they are ever likely to be, argues the professor. Related word
utopianCompare
dystopia
More examplesFewer examplesNo society can profess itself to be a utopia. The Cadbury family moved their fledgling chocolate firm out of Birmingham's slums to the utopia of Bournville in the 19th century. Their utopia is slowly turning into our dystopia.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
Perfect and faultless
Arcadia
Arcadian
bat a thousand idiom
blamelessly
idyll
idyllic
idyllically
immaculacy
immaculate
nirvana
non-utopian
on point idiom
perfectible
perfection
the cherry on (top of) the cake idiom
undistorted
unimpeachable
utopian
whiter than white idiom
Xanadu
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(Definition of utopia from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
utopia | American Dictionary
utopianoun [ C/U ] us
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/juˈtoʊ·pi·ə/
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social studies a perfect society in which everyone is happy: [ U ] The idea of America as utopia has recurred throughout our history. [ C ] When plans to rebuild the neighborhood were first announced, I’d been hoping for a utopia.
(Definition of utopia from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
Examples of utopia
utopia
He demands and directs change, compelling his companions to act, railing against hopelessness and disenchantment, against any allegiance to utopia.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
That a vision of an organic agrarian-manufacturing utopia is elaborated in a large and dynamic industrial city seems, on the face of it, absurd.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
These link utopias with heterotopias in ways which 'also bind people to particular identities, and to the political/practical consequences that they entail' (p. 172).
From the Cambridge English Corpus
The analysis of women's work, of radical communal utopias, and of body metaphors severely limit the range of buildings that can be discussed.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Like all utopias, the future was intimately linked to the hopes and fears of the present.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Here, utopia is defined as a state of mind that 'transcends' existing realities in a revolutionary direction.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
The term also offers authorization to interpret, enacts a wish, suggests a cultural utopia, or puts in place a political program.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
The feminist utopia dramatizes a dream of social fellowship whose embryonic form is expressed in the bonds forged between writer, reader and a wider audience.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
By including the virtues and designing out the vices of nineteenth-century life he sold his vision of utopia along practical and achievable lines.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Yet that failure is measured perhaps unrealistically against a goal nothing short of utopia and within a time frame of 25 to 40 years.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
But it is not so clear that it always would be: that it could not be an essential part of a realistic utopia.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
That was an era when utopias were needed and produced.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
It is a sad sign of our times that this type of exile can resemble a utopia.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
The birth of digital publication involves three motors: utopia, the norm, and conquering thought.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Elements of the two utopias, one personalistic-conservative, the other liberal-democratic, became intertwined in the ideas of the conflicting parties of mid century.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
What is the pronunciation of utopia?
B1
Translations of utopia
in Chinese (Traditional)
烏托邦, 理想中的完美世界…
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乌托邦, 理想中的完美世界…
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utopía, Utopía…
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yeryüzü cenneti, hayali mükemmel toplum, ütopya…
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utilized
utilizing
utmost
utmost good faith
utopia
utopian
utricle
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utter
utterance
Word of the Day
veggie burger
UK
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/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɜː.ɡər/
US
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/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɝː.ɡɚ/
a type of food similar to a hamburger but made without meat, by pressing together small pieces of vegetables, seeds, etc. into a flat, round shape
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utopia是什么意思_utopia的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典
ia是什么意思_utopia的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典首页翻译背单词写作校对词霸下载用户反馈专栏平台登录utopia是什么意思_utopia用英语怎么说_utopia的翻译_utopia翻译成_utopia的中文意思_utopia怎么读,utopia的读音,utopia的用法,utopia的例句翻译人工翻译试试人工翻译翻译全文简明柯林斯牛津utopiaGRE英 [juːˈtəʊpiə]美 [juːˈtoʊpiə]释义n.乌托邦(理想中美好的社会)大小写变形:UtopiaUTOPIA点击 人工翻译,了解更多 人工释义词态变化复数: utopias;实用场景例句全部乌托邦We weren't out to design a contemporary utopia.我们并不是要设计一个现代乌托邦。柯林斯高阶英语词典...the writer in search of utopia.寻找理想国的作家柯林斯高阶英语词典Everyone has a dream that one day they can reach Utopia.每个人都憧憬着终有一天能够到达理想乡.期刊摘选Thus, the construction and " the hope " of their communicative theories would become a dream of rootless " Utopia ".因而, 其交往理论的建构及展望变成为 “ 无根 ” 的 “ 乌托邦 ” 梦想.期刊摘选The harmoniousness talked in Utopia written by Plato includs two aspects.和谐的本体论意义是指人的生存行为对罗各斯的服从.期刊摘选According to Xun Zi's utopia all under heaven submits to one ruler.荀子的 “ 理想国”是天下定于一尊,万民匍匐于地.期刊摘选The main part expounded the novels form three aspects including Politics, Female, Utopia.论文主体部分从政治 、 女性 、 乌托邦三个方面对马斯杜尔的小说进行阐述.期刊摘选Utopia: Fantasia. Fantasia. This is Utopia. How do you read me?理想国: 幻想曲. 幻想曲. 这里是理想国. 我的信号你收得到 吗 ?期刊摘选The concluding part explores the fate of Utopia at the present age.本文最后的结语部分探讨了乌托邦的当代命运.期刊摘选It drifts in space, between reality and utopia, endlessly searching for an ideal city.它游离于现实世界与乌托邦之间, 不断寻找它的理想都.期刊摘选One may wonder why the Pleiadians would wish to destroy a utopia type solar system?有人可能对此感到惊讶,为什么昂宿星会希望摧毁一个包托邦形态的太阳系?期刊摘选His Utopia is not a chimerical commonwealth but a practical improvement on what already exists.他的乌托邦不是空想的联邦,而是对那些已经存在的联邦事实上的改进.《简明英汉词典》Utopia does not exist.世外桃源是不存在的.期刊摘选Such a complete satisfaction of human need is utopia.这种对人类需要的完全满足是空想的.辞典例句The hope, viewed from temporality, is a utopia that is open to the future.从时间性的角度来说, 希望蕴涵着面向未来的敞开.期刊摘选Narration of traveler and narration of utopia are obvious in the modern novels.旅行者叙事和“乌托邦”叙事是近代小说叙事中值得关注的两种现象.期刊摘选Sir Thomas More is remembered today as the author of Utopia.当今,托马斯·莫尔先生还被铭记为《乌托邦》的作者.《简明英汉词典》Your solar system went from a utopia to a place of great struggle to survive.你的太阳系脱离乌托邦成为一个为了生存要付出巨大努力的地方.期刊摘选His utopia is not a chimerical commonwealth but a practical improvement on what already exists.他的乌托邦理想并不是一种空想的共和国,而是对现有社会的一种实际改进.期刊摘选She was entering the masses with the phantom of a future Utopia.她正用未来的乌托邦幻想来吸引群众.《简明英汉词典》Maldek was a utopia that was devoid of all struggle.马尔戴克是一个乌托邦,那里没有所有的奋斗.期刊摘选The idiom is used to describe a secluded and peaceful utopia.这个成语用来形容一个与世隔绝、活安乐的理想国家.期刊摘选They tried to create Utopia.他们试图创建乌托邦.期刊摘选For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived.对我们来说, 这意味着进化已经结束; 生物学上的乌托邦已经降临.期刊摘选Margaret embarked upon the route to Utopia straightaway.玛格丽特立即就为实现这个理想而开始奋斗.辞典例句It would be a Utopia.它就如同一个乌托邦. ”期刊摘选In the cycle of destruction and creation, people find themselves farther and farther away from Utopia.在毁灭与创生的轮回中, 人们离理想国越来越远.期刊摘选Utopia is an absolute ideal and a perfect political design for human society.乌托邦是人类对完美社会的理想化设计,是对普遍正义之永无止境的追求.期刊摘选We weren't out to design a contemporary utopia.我们并不是要设计一个现代乌托邦。辞典例句收起实用场景例句真题例句全部考研Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.出自-2013年考研阅读原文收起真题例句英英释义Noun1. ideally perfect state; especially in its social and political and moral aspects2. a work of fiction describing a utopia收起英英释义词根词缀后缀: -ia1. 表名词,"病"; 2. 表名词,"总称,状态等"n.anemia 贫血,贫血症a无+nem血+ia病→n.贫血,贫血症dyslexia 阅读障碍dys坏,不良+lex词+ia病→读词不行dyspepsia 消化不良dys坏+peps消化;胃+ia病→消化不好hypochondria 忧郁症,臆想病hypo在……下面+chondr忧郁+ia病→在下面忧郁→忧郁症insomnia 失眠症in不+somn睡眠+ia病→n.失眠症pyromania 纵火狂pyro火+man狂+ia病→n.纵火狂ambrosia 神仙食品,美味ambros不死的+ia总称,状态等→n.神仙食品,美味cornucopia 象征丰收的羊角corn角+u+cop丰富+ia表示物→表示丰富的角→丰饶角insignia 徽章,袖章in内部+sign信号+ia总称,状态等→内部标志intelligentsia 知识分子[集合称],知识阶层,知识界intelligent聪明的,伶俐的+s+ia总称,状态等→n.知识分子[集合称],知识阶层,知识界militia 民兵[组织]milit兵+ia总称,状态等→n.民兵[组织]minutia 微枝末节,细节minute细小的+ia总称,状态等→n.微枝末节,细节utopia 乌托邦,理想的完美境界,空想的社会改良计划utop没有的地方即no place+ia总称,状态等→乌托邦现实中是没有的释义词态变化实用场景例句真题例句英英释义词Utopia defined, utopian and dystopian literature examined, and utopian communities described | Britannica
Utopia defined, utopian and dystopian literature examined, and utopian communities described | Britannica
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Hans Holbein the Younger: Sir Thomas MoreSir Thomas More, oil on panel by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1527; in the Frick Collection, New York City.(more)utopia, An ideal society whose inhabitants exist under seemingly perfect conditions. The word was coined by Sir Thomas More in his work Utopia (1516), which described a pagan and communist city-state whose institutions and policies were governed entirely by reason. Literary utopias are far older than their name. Plato’s Republic was the model of many others, from More’s Utopia to H.G. Wells’s A Modern Utopia (1905). Other literary utopias, such as Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels (1726), are satirical, their aim being to ridicule existent conditions. The related category of literary dystopias, depicting anti-utopian societies, includes 20th-century and later works, such as George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-four (1949) and Ray Bradbury’s Farenheit 451 (1953). Concurrent with utopian literature have been attempts by various religious leaders and political reformers to create actual utopian communities (especially in North America), such as New Harmony, founded (1825) in Indiana by Robert Owen, and Brook Farm, founded (1841) in Massachusetts by George Ripley, a follower of the French social theorist Charles Fourier. Most of those communities, however, were short-lived.
Thomas More Summary
Thomas More ; canonized May 19, 1935; feast day June 22) English humanist and statesman, chancellor of England (1529–32), who was beheaded for refusing to accept King Henry VIII as head of the Church of England. He is recognized as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. Thomas—the eldest son of John